Indigenous Peoples | The Canadian Encyclopedia

Browse "Indigenous Peoples"

Displaying 91-105 of 309 results

  • Article

    Freda Ahenakew

    ​Freda Ahenakew, OC, Cree scholar, author (born 11 February 1932 on Ahtahkakoop First Nation, SK; died 8 April 2011 at Muskeg Lake First Nation, SK). Ahenakew is recognized as a leader in the acknowledgment and revitalization of the Cree language in Canada. In her life, Ahenakew helped to preserve the oral traditions of the Cree people and share Cree traditions and stories with Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples alike. (See also Indigenous Language Revitalization in Canada.)

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/Freda.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/Freda.jpg Freda Ahenakew

  • Article

    Freda Diesing

    Freda Diesing, Haida artist (born 2 June 1925 in Prince Rupert, BC; died there 3 December 2002). Diesing was best known for her contributions to reviving traditional Haida art forms, including wood carving, mask carving and totem carving. She was one of the few women carvers who mastered the medium, and was partly responsible for bringing the style to an international audience. Diesing worked to ensure the style and tradition of Haida art was passed on to new generations. (See also Northwest Coast Indigenous Art and Contemporary Indigenous Art in Canada.)

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/FredaDiesing/FredaMask1.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/FredaDiesing/FredaMask1.jpg Freda Diesing

  • Article

    Fur Industry

    The Canadian fur industry consists of companies that buy raw furs from trappers, dealers or fur-marketing companies (e.g., Hudson's Bay Company raw-fur auctions), send them to fur dressers and dyers in Toronto, match the skins and cut and sew them into garments. Most manufacturers make coats and most specialize in two or three types of fur only. Before the coat can be finished, it must go through a fur-cleaning process and some companies do only this. Some cleaners also maintain cold fur-storage vaults to house furs during the summer, but many retail furriers also have their own vaults. Fur factories are generally small, with 279 of the 280 factories employing fewer than 50 people; only one of the 280 operating factories employed more than 100 people in 1986. In that year there were 3,700 furriers in the manufacturing work force, with about 2950 in Quebec, 675 in Ontario and 75 in Manitoba. Almost all fur companies are Canadian owned; there is some foreign ownership, mainly American, in the retail sector and some Japanese investment in the manufacturing sector.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a4d6e476-5e53-4126-9ee6-313b64235660.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a4d6e476-5e53-4126-9ee6-313b64235660.jpg Fur Industry

  • Article

    Genocide

    Genocide is the intentional destruction of a particular group through killing, serious physical or mental harm, preventing births and/or forcibly transferring children to another group. The Canadian government has formally recognized certain instances of genocide abroad, including the Armenian genocide, the Holodomor, the Holocaust, the Rwandan genocide, the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, the Uyghur genocide and the Rohingya genocide. Within Canada, some historians, legal scholars and activists have claimed that the historical, intergenerational and present treatment of Indigenous peoples are acts of genocide.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/1f69f381-4d3b-489f-aba6-0a7dd06d3e92.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/1f69f381-4d3b-489f-aba6-0a7dd06d3e92.jpg Genocide

  • Article

    Genocide and Indigenous Peoples in Canada

    Genocide is the intentional destruction of a particular group through killing, serious physical or mental harm, preventing births and/or forcibly transferring children to another group. The term has been applied to the experiences of Indigenous peoples in Canada, particularly in the final reports of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (see also Residential Schools) and the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls inquiry.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Genocide_IP_Tweetonly.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Genocide_IP_Tweetonly.jpg Genocide and Indigenous Peoples in Canada

  • Article

    Geographic Distribution of the Dorset Culture

    Around 2,800 years ago (ca. 800 BCE), the Palaeo-Inuit groups living in the Eastern North American Arctic began to drastically change. These later Palaeo-Inuit groups are collectively called the “Dorset” by archaeologists. They had many differences from their Pre-Dorset ancestors. The Dorset people would persist in the Arctic until roughly 600-700 years ago (ca. 1300-1400 CE). After this point, they disappeared. This happened only a few centuries after the arrival of early Inuit (Thule) groups. They were genetically and culturally distinct from the Dorset. Archaeologists separate this roughly 2,000-year period of Dorset existence into three different periods or traditions. These periods are the Early Dorset (ca. 800 BCE to 1 CE), Middle Dorset (ca. 1 to 500 CE) and Late Dorset (ca. 500 to 1400 CE). There is ongoing debate regarding the differences and similarities between these time periods. However, changes in terms of technology, domestic architecture, mobility and geographic range did occur (see also Dorset Culture).

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/DorsetCulture/Figure2EarlyDorsetGeographicLocation_updated.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/DorsetCulture/Figure2EarlyDorsetGeographicLocation_updated.jpg Geographic Distribution of the Dorset Culture

  • Article

    Gitxsan

    Gitxsan (Gitksan), meaning “People of the River Mist,” live along the Skeena River of northwestern British Columbia in the communities of Hazelton, Kispiox and Glen Vowell (the Eastern Gitxsan bands) and Kitwanga, Kitwankool and Kitsegukla (the Western Gitxsan). In the 2021 census, 4,950 people claimed Gitxsan ancestry.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/759dfbd5-9744-473b-aab1-1cc99f444e55.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/759dfbd5-9744-473b-aab1-1cc99f444e55.jpg Gitxsan

  • Article

    Government Apology to Former Students of Residential Schools

    On 11 June 2008 Prime Minister Stephen Harper stood in the House of Commons to offer, on behalf of the Government of Canada, an apology to Indigenous peoples in Canada for the abuse, suffering, and generational and cultural dislocation that resulted from assimilative, government-sanctioned residential schools. The apology specifically addresses the assimilative practices of the government, the forced removal of children from their families, the abuse suffered by many of those children, and the resulting effects of these policies.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/481d8ab1-addc-42d1-8b24-37fcd08165dd.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/481d8ab1-addc-42d1-8b24-37fcd08165dd.jpg Government Apology to Former Students of Residential Schools

  • Article

    Gustafsen Lake Standoff

    The Gustafsen Lake Standoff was a month-long conflict (18 August–17 September 1995) between a small group of First Nations Sun Dancers and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The standoff took place in central British Columbia, in Secwepemc (Shuswap) territory near 100 Mile House. Sparked by a dispute between a local rancher and a camp of Sun Dancers over access to private land for ceremonial purposes, the armed confrontation raised larger questions of Indigenous land rights in British Columbia. On 11 September 1995, in what was later called the largest paramilitary operation in the history of the province, RCMP surrounded the remote camp and a firefight erupted during which, remarkably, no one was seriously injured. The standoff at Gustafsen Lake is perhaps the least known in a series of localized armed conflicts involving Indigenous peoples in the 1990s that included the Oka and Ipperwash crises in Quebec and Ontario, respectively.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a91c62c3-627d-4cbc-bc37-75fe1f9ee255.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a91c62c3-627d-4cbc-bc37-75fe1f9ee255.jpg Gustafsen Lake Standoff

  • Article

    Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich'in)

    Dinjii Zhuh (also Gwich’in, formerly Kutchin), meaning “one who dwells (in)” or “the inhabitant of,” are Dene (Athabaskan)-speaking Indigenous peoples who live in northwestern North America. These communities are often referred to collectively as Dinjii Zhuh, although some First Nations and the Gwich’in Tribal Council retain the Gwich’in name. There are thought to be between 7,000 and 9,000 Dinjii Zhuh living in communities in Alaska, Yukon and the Northwest Territories. 

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/850202e1-ea95-4b88-83fb-b126572b0791.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/850202e1-ea95-4b88-83fb-b126572b0791.jpg Dinjii Zhuh (Gwich'in)

  • Article

    Haida

    Haida are Indigenous people who have traditionally occupied the coastal bays and inlets of Haida Gwaii in British Columbia. In the 2016 census, 501 people claimed Haida ancestry, while 445 people identified as speakers of the Haida language.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/0d0ebbc3-f07e-4021-9afb-cfb757d2c780.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/0d0ebbc3-f07e-4021-9afb-cfb757d2c780.jpg Haida

  • Article

    Haisla (Kitamaat)

    The Haisla are a First Nation in Canada. The Haisla Nation is made up of two historic bands, the Kitamaat of upper Douglas Channel and Devastation Channel and the Kitlope of upper Princess Royal Channel and Gardner Canal in British Columbia. The Kitamaat call themselves Haisla ("dwellers downriver"); and the Kitlope, Henaaksiala ("dying off slowly"), a reference to their traditional longevity. The official designations Kitamaat ("people of the snow") and Kitlope ("people of the rocks") were adopted from the names used by the Tsimshian to refer to their Haisla neighbours.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/haisla.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/haisla.jpg Haisla (Kitamaat)

  • Article

    Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in (Han)

    Han territory traditionally straddled the Yukon-Alaska boundary, extending along the Yukon River from about 20 km south of Dawson northward to about 50 km south of Circle, Alaska.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7d2699bc-260f-4b3e-b27a-f0d430e23030.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7d2699bc-260f-4b3e-b27a-f0d430e23030.jpg Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in (Han)

  • Article

    Handsome Lake Religion

    The Handsome Lake Religion is a religion practised by some Haudenosaunee communities in Canada and the US. Its members are known as "the Longhouse people" because ceremonies are held in a longhouse. Its beliefs and practices are a blend of Indigenous traditions and innovations introduced by the Seneca prophet Handsome Lake who preached from 1799 until his death in 1815. 

    "https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Handsome Lake Religion

  • Article

    K'asho Got'ine (Hare)

    K’asho Got’ine are Dene people traditionally occupying territory along the lower Mackenzie River valley of the Northwest Territories. Fort Good Hope and Déline (Fort Franklin) are now the major population centres of the K'asho Got'ine.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7d34c6c1-db64-4b7f-81cd-4ec1f0e07b84.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7d34c6c1-db64-4b7f-81cd-4ec1f0e07b84.jpg K'asho Got'ine (Hare)